Archaeology and Biogeography of the Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata) in the Puget Sound Region
Abstract
The modern distribution of the western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata) is discontinuous, with a historic but extirpated population in the Puget Sound region that was isolated from populations south along the Columbia River. To better understand this distribution, a review of the archaeological literature for the Puget Sound region was conducted to determine the prehistoric biogeography of the species in the Puget Sound area. Western pond turtles are nearly absent from the regional archaeological record, represented at best by four tentative specimens. This may be explained by extremely low population levels throughout the Holocene at the northernmost extent of its range.References
Baird, S.F. and C. Girard. 1852. Descriptions of New Species of Reptiles, Collected by the US Exploring Expedition under the Command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 6:174–177.
Barnett, H.G. 1939. Culture Element Distrbutions: IX Gulf of Georgia Salish. University of California Anthropological Records Volume 1. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Bates, D., T. Hess, and V. Hilbert. 1994. Lushootseed Dictionary. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
Beavert, V. 1974. The Way it Was, Anaku Iwacha: Yakima Legends. Franklin Press, Toppenish, WA.
Bettelheim, M. 2005. Marmorata: The Famed Mud Turtle of the San Francisco Market. California History 82:26–47. DOI:10.2307/25161765.
Blukis Onat, A.R., ed. 1987. Duwamish No. 1 Site: 1986 Data Recovery. Report Submitted to the Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Olympia, WA.
Bury, R.B., D.J. Germano, A. Rhodin, P. Pritchard, and P. van Dijk. 2008. Actinemys marmorata (Baird and Girard 1852)—Western Pond Turtle, Pacific Pond Turtle. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 5.
Butler, V.L. 2000. Resource Depression on the Northwest Coast of North America. Antiquity 74:649–661. DOI:10.1017/S0003598X00060014.
Butler, V.L. and S.K. Campbell. 2004. Resource Intensification and Resource Depression in the Pacific Northwest of North America: A Zooarchaeological Review. Journal of World Prehistory 18:327–405. DOI:10.1007/s10963-004-5622-3.
Christie, N.E. and N.R. Geist. 2017. Temperature Effects on Development and Phenotype in a Free-Living Population of Western Pond Turtles (Emys marmorata). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 9:47–53. DOI:10.1086/689409.
Cooper, J.G. 1859. Report upon the Reptiles Collected on the Survey. The Natural History of Washington Territory, with Much Relating to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon, and California: Between the Thirty-Sixth and Forty-Ninth Parallels of Latitude, Being Those Parts of the Final Reports on the Survey of the Northern Pacific Railroad Route, Containing the Climate and Physical Geography, with Full Catalogues and Descriptions of the Plants and Animals Collected from 1853 to 1857. Baillière Brothers, New York, NY.
Crother, B.I., J. Boundy, J.A. Campbell, K. de Quieroz, D. Frost, D.M. Green, R. Highton, J.B. Iverson, R.W. McDiarmid, P.A. Meylan, T.W. Reeder, M.E. Seidel, J.W. Sites, S.G. Tilley, and D.B. Wake. 2003. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico: Update. Herpetological Review 34:198–203.
Daugherty, R.D., J.J. Flenniken, and J.M. Welch. Pacific Northwest. 1987. A Data Recovery Study of Judd Peak Rockshelters (45-LE-222) in Lewis County, Washington. Studies in Cultural Resource Management, No. 8. USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.
Dombrosky, J., S. Wolverton, and L. Nagaoka. 2016. Archaeological Data Suggest Broader Early Historic Distribution for Blue Sucker (Cycleptus elongatus, Actinopterygii, Catostomidae) in New Mexico. Hydrobiologia 771:255–263. DOI:10.1007/s10750-015-2639-9.
Driver, J.C. 2011. Identification, Classification, and Zooarchaeology. Ethnobiology Letters 2:19–39. DOI:10.14237/ebl.2.2011.32.
Drucker, P. 1955. Indians of the Northwest Coast. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Drucker, P. 1965. Cultures of the North Pacific Coast. Chandler Pub. Co., San Francisco.
Feldman, C.R. and J.F. Parham. 2002. Molecular Phylogenetics of Emydine Turtles: Taxonomic Revision and the Evolution of Shell Kinesis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22:388–398. DOI:10.1006/mpev.2001.1070.
Fisher, J.L. 2012. Shifting Prehistoric Abundances of Leporids at Five Finger Ridge, a Central Utah Archaeological Site. Western North American Naturalist 72:60–68. DOI:10.3398/064.072.0107.
Fisher, J.L. 2018. Protohistoric Artiodactyl Rebound and Resource Deinstensification in Northern California. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19:420–429. DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.03.017.
Geist, N.R., Z. Dallara, and R. Gordon. 2015. The Role of Incubation Temperature and Clutch Effects in Development and Phenotype of Head-Started Western Pond Turtles (Emys marmorata). Herpetological Conservation and Biology 10:489–503.
Germano, D.J. and G.B. Rathbun. 2008. Growth, Population Structure, and Reproduction of Western Pond Turtles (Actinemys marmorata) on the Central Coast of California. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 7:188–194. DOI:10.2744/CCB-0705.1.
Gillreath-Brown, A. and T.M. Peres. 2017. Identifying Turtle Shell Rattles in the Archaeological Record of the Southeastern United States. Ethnobiology Letters 8:6. DOI:10.14237/ebl.8.1.2017.979.
Gray, E.M. 1995. DNA-Fingerprinting Reveals a Lack of Genetic-Variation in Northern Populations of the Western Pond Turtle (Clemmys marmorata). Conservation Biology 9:1244–1254. DOI:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051234.x-i1.
Haeberlin, H.K. and E. Gunther. 1930. The Indians of Puget Sound. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.
Hattori, E.M. 1982. The Archaeology of Falcon Hill, Winnemucca Lake, Washoe County, Nevada. Nevada State Museum, Carson City, NV.
Hays, D.W., K.R. McAllister, S.A. Richardson, and D.W. Stinson. 1999. Washington State Recovery Plan for the Western Pond Turtle. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.
Holland, D. 1994. The Western Pond Turtle: Habitat and History. U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR.
Hallock, L.A., A. McMillan, and G.J. Wiles. 2016 Periodic Status Review for the Western Pond Turtle in Washington (Draft). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.
Janzen, F., S. Hoover, and H. Shaffer. 1997. Molecular Phylogeography of the Western Pond Turtle (Clemmys marmorata): Preliminary Results. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2:623–626.
Latta, F.F. 1999. Handbook of Yokuts Indians, 2nd edition. Brewer's Historical Press, Exeter, CA.
Lewarch, D.E., L.A. Forsman, S.K. Kramer, L.R. Murphy, L.L. Larson, D.R. Iverson, and A.E. Dugas. 2002. Data Recovery Excavations at the Bay Street Shell Midden (45KP115), Kitsap County, Washington. Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services, Gig Harbor, WA.
Lewarch, D.E., L.L. Larson, L.S. Phillips, M. Daishowa, and S. Larson. 1992. Daishowa America Port Angeles Mill Shell Midden, 45CA415, Clallam County, Washington. LAAS Technical Report, No. 92-7. Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services, Gig Harbor, WA.
Loeb, Edwin Meyer. 1926. Pomo Folkways. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnography 19:149–405.
Lovich, J. and K. Meyer. 2002. The Western Pond Turtle (Clemmys marmorata) in the Mojave River, California, USA: Highly Adapted Survivor or Tenuous Relict? Journal of Zoology 256:537–545. DOI:10.1017/s0952836902000584.
Schalk, R.F. 1980. Cultural Resource Investigations for the Second Powerhouse Project at McNary Dam, near Umatilla, Oregon. Laboratory of Archaeology and History, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
Schneider, J.S. and G.D. Everson. 1989. Desert Tortoise (Xerobates agassizii) in the Prehistory of the Southwestern Great Basin and Adjacent Areas. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 11:175–202.
Smith, M.W. 1940. The Puyallup-Nisqually. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.
Smith, M.W. 1941. The Coast Salish of Puget Sound. American Anthropologist 43:197. DOI:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00050.
Spinks, P.Q. and H.B. Shaffer. 2005. Range-Wide Molecular Analysis of the Western Pond Turtle (Emys marmorata): Cryptic Variation, Isolation by Distance, and their Conservation Implications. Molecular Ecology 14:2047–2064. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02564.x.
Stiner, M.C., N.D. Munro, and T.A. Surovell. 2000. The Tortoise and the Hare: Small-Game Use, the Broad-Spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic Demography. Current Anthropology 41:39–73. DOI:10.2307/3596428.
Storer, T.I. 1937. Further Notes on the Turtles of the North Pacific Coast of North America. Copeia 1937:66–67. DOI:10.2307/1437380.
Waguespack, N.M. and T.A. Surovell. 2003. Clovis Hunting Strategies or How to Make Out on Plentiful Resources. American Antiquity 68:333–352. DOI:10.2307/3557083.
Weasma, T.R. 1991. Field Report on Preliminary Testing of Cornet Bay Shell Deposits, Deception Pass Area, Whidbey Island, Washington. Unpublished Report on File at Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.
Wolverton, S. 2013. Data Quality in Zooarchaeological Faunal Identification. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20:381–396. DOI:10.1007/s10816-012-9161-4.
Copyright (c) 2018 Jacob Fisher
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain ownership of the copyright for their content and grant Ethnobiology Letters (the “Journal”) and the Society of Ethnobiology right of first publication. Authors and the Journal agree that Ethnobiology Letters will publish the article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits others to use, distribute, and reproduce the work non-commercially, provided the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal are properly cited.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
For any reuse or redistribution of a work, users must make clear the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
In publishing with Ethnobiology Letters corresponding authors certify that they are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. They warrant, on behalf of themselves and their co-authors, that the content is original, has not been formally published, is not under consideration, and does not infringe any existing copyright or any other third party rights. They further warrant that the material contains no matter that is scandalous, obscene, libelous, or otherwise contrary to the law.
Corresponding authors will be given an opportunity to read and correct edited proofs, but if they fail to return such corrections by the date set by the editors, production and publication may proceed without the authors’ approval of the edited proofs.
