Eucalyptus sp. at the Intersection of Environment and Culture in Kenya

  • Brandy M Garrett Kluthe Biology Department University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR.
  • Diana K Chen Anthropology Department University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR.
Keywords: Eucalyptus sp., Kenya, Farmers, Environment, Economics

Abstract

Members of the genus Eucalyptus are popular on small farms throughout Kenya, and include species such as Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalpytus globulus, and Eucalyptus grandis. Although they are fast-growing and perform well on marginal land, these trees are associated with negative environmental effects in Africa and elsewhere they have been introduced. In-person surveys were conducted with small farmers in Kenya to determine patterns of Eucalyptus sp. stand use and cultural importance. It was found that despite acknowledged short and long term environmental consequences, Eucalyptus sp. remains popular for medium term economic investment. These findings are consistent with other reports of Eucalyptus sp. woodlots serving as funding sources for education, health emergencies, etc., in parts of the world where bank loans are unavailable. Further, it was found that some farmers are using modified silviculture practices to ameliorate the negative effects of Eucalyptus sp., and others are seeking indigenous alternatives.           

Author Biographies

Brandy M Garrett Kluthe, Biology Department University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR.
Dr. Brandy Garrett Kluthe is a recent graduate of the Environmental Dynamics program at the University of Arkansas. Her graduate work focused on the introduced Eucalpytus in Kenya and the impacts of it on the environment and society. She is currently teaching at Kean University in New Jersey, where she continues her research in forest ecology, introduced species, climate change, and the impacts on agricultural societies.
Diana K Chen, Anthropology Department University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR.
Diana Chen is a PhD candidate in Environmental Dynamics at the University of Arkansas. Her interests include ethnobotany, agricultural and food studies, and deep ecology.

References

Bankoff, G. 2001. Rendering the World Unsafe: 'Vulnerability' as Western Discourse. Disasters 25:19–35. DOI:10.1111/1467-7717.00159.

Benjamin, E. O., and M. Blum. 2015. Participation of Smallholders in Agroforestry Agri-Environmental Scheme: A Lesson from the Rural Mount Kenyan Region. The Journal of Developing Areas 49:127–143. DOI:10.1353/jda/2015.0125.

Bennett, B. M. 2010. The El Dorado of forestry: The Eucalyptus in India, South Africa, and Thailand, 1850–2000. International Review of Social History 55: 27–50. DOI:10.1017.S0020859010000489.

Bentley, J. W. 1989. What Farmers Don't Know Can't Help Them: The Strengths and Weaknesses of Indigenous Technical Knowledge in Honduras. Agriculture and Human Values 6:25–31. DOI:10.1007/BF02217666.

Buckley, R. B. 1903. Colonization and Irrigation in the East Africa Protectorate. The Geographical Journal 21:349–371. DOI:10.2307/1775678.

Castro, A. P. 1991. Indigenous Kikuyu Agroforestry: A Case Study of Kirinyaga, Kenya. Human Ecology 19:1–18. DOI:10.1007/BF00888974.

Conelly, W. T., and M. S. Chaiken. 2000. Intensive Farming, Agro-Diversity, and Food Security Under Conditions of Extreme Population Pressure in Western Kenya. Human Ecology 28:19–51. DOI:10.1023/A:1007075621007.

Doughty, R. 1996. Not a Koala in Sight: Promotion and Spread of Eucalyptus. Cultural Geographies 3 200–214. DOI:10.1177/147447409600300205.

Edhlund, B. M., and A. G. McDougall. 2016. NVivo 11 Essentials: Your Guide to the World's Most Powerful Data Analysis Software. Form and Kunskap AB, Stallarholmen, Sweden.

Greiner, C., and P. Sakdapolrak. 2012. Rural-Urban Migration, Agrarian Change, and the Environment in Kenya: A Critical Review of the Literature. Population and Environment 34:524–553. DOI:10.1007/s11111-012-0178-0.

Harris, M. 1966. The Cultural Ecology of India's Sacred Cattle. Current Anthropology 7:51–66. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2743946. Accessed on February 17, 2017.

Hill, P. 1961. The Migrant Cocoa Farmers of Southern Ghana. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 31:209–230. DOI:10.2307/1157262.

Jerneck, A., and L. Olsson. 2013. More Than Trees! Understanding the Agroforestry Adoption Gap in Subsistence Agriculture: Insights from Narrative Walks in Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies 32:114–125. DOI:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.04.004.

Kaburi, S. M., and K. E. Medley. 2011. Community Perspectives on Fuelwood Resources in East Africa. Mountain Research and Development 31:315–324. DOI:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00121.1.

Kirongo, B. B., K. Senelwa, G. K. Kimani, I. Moses, O. Augustino, and L. Etiégni. 2014. The Commercial Profitability of Growing Hybrid Eucalyptus Clones in The Cost Province, Kenya. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 20:35–42. DOI:10.7226/jtfm.20.1.35.

Kokwaro, J. O. 1995. Ethnobotany in Africa. In Ethnobotany: Evolution of a Discipline, edited by R. Evans Schultes and S. von Reis, pp. 216–225. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

Kollmuss, A., and J. Agyeman. 2002. Mind the Gap: Why do People Act Environmentally and What are the Barriers to Pro-Environmental Behavior? Environmental Education Research 8:239–260. DOI:10.1080/13504620220145401.

Lado, C. 2004. Sustainable Environmental Resource Utilisation: A Case Study of Farmers' Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Rural Change in Bungoma District, Kenya. Applied Geography 24:281–302. DOI:10.1016/j.apgeog.2004.03.002.

Luzar, J. 2007. The Political Ecology of a "Forest Transition": Eucalyptus Forestry in the Southern Peruvian Andes. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 5:85–93. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/222. Accessed on February 17, 2017.

Martin, G. J. 1995. Ethnobotany. University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Ndege, P. O. 2009. Colonialism and Its Legacies in Kenya. Lecture presented at the Fulbright-Hays Seminars Abroad Program, Moi Univeristy, Kenya. Available at: http://africanphilanthropy.issuelab.org/resources/19699/19699.pdf. Accessed on July 9, 2015.

Ng'endo, M., G. B. Keding, S. Bhagwat, and K. Kehlenbeck. 2015. Variability of On-Farm Food Plant Diversity and Its Contribution to Food Security: A Case Study of Smallholder Farming Households in Western Kenya. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 39:1071–1103. DOI:10.1080/21683565.2015.1073206.

Njoroge, G. N., and R. Bussmann. 2006. Traditional Management of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Disease in Central Kenya. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2:54. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-2-54.

Njoroge, G. N., and R. Bussmann. 2007. Ethnotherapeautic Management of Skin Diseases Among the Kikuyu of Central Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111:303–307. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.025.

Nyasimi, M. K., M. L. Butler, C. L. Burras, H. Ilahiane, and R. C. Schultz. 2007. Differentiating Livelihood Strategies among the Luo and Kipsigis People in Western Kenya. Journal of Ecological Anthropology 11:43–57.

Oballa, P. O., P. K. A. Konuche, M. N. Muchiri, and B. N. Kigomo. 2010. Facts on Growing and Use of Eucalyptus in Kenya. Kenya Forest Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.

Ojany, F. F., and R. B. Ogendo. 1982. Kenya: A Study in Physical and Human Geography. Longman, Kenya.

Otieno, N. E., and C. Analo. 2012. Local Indigenous Knowledge about Some Medicinal Plants in and Around Kakamega Forest in Western Kenya. F1000Research 1:40. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.1-40.v2

Peralta, M. A., and S. M. Swinton. 2009. Food vs. Wood: Dynamic Choices for Kenyan Smallholders. Paper presentation to the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association's 2009 AAEA & ACCI Joint Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI. Available at http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/49401/2/PeraltaSwintonAAEA09-1%20.pdf. Accessed on March 12, 2015.

Quinlan, R. J., M. B., Quinlan, S. Dira, M. Caudell, A. Sooge, and A. A. Assoma. 2015. Vulnerability and Resilience of Sidama Enset and Maize Farms in Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology 35:314–336. DOI:10.2993/etbi-35-02-314-336.1.

Scherr, S. J. 1995. Economic Factors in Farmer Adoption of Agroforestry: Patterns Observed in Western Kenya. World Development 23:787–804. DOI:10.1016/0305-750X(95)00005-W.

Snyder, K.A., and B. Cullen. 2014. Implications of Sustainable Agricultural Intensification for Family Farming in Africa: Anthropological Perspectives. Anthropological Notebooks 20:9–29. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/53063. Accessed on February 17, 2017.

Taku, T. A. 1999. Framework for Industrialization in Africa. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT.

The World Bank. 2016. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/country/kenya. Accessed on February 17, 2016.

Toledo, V. M. 2002. Ethnoecology: A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Indigenous Knowledge of Nature. In Ethnobiology and Biocultural Diversity, edited by J. R. Stepp, F. S. Wyndham, and R. K. Zarger, pp. 511–522. The International Society of Ethnobiology, Athens, GA.

Tom, E. G. 2010. Socio-economic and Cultural Aspects for Community Participation in Afforestation and Agroforestry Programmes: A Case Study of Teso District, Kenya. Available at: www.forestrynepal.org. Accessed on February 17, 2016.

Wane, N., and D. J. Chandler. 2002. African Women, Cultural Knowledge, and Environmental Education with a Focus on Kenya's Indigenous Women. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education 7:86–98. Available at: https://cjee.lakeheadu.ca/article/view/275. Accessed on February 17, 2016.

Watson, E. E., and H. H. Kochore. 2012. Religion and Climate Change in Northern Kenya: New Moral Frameworks for New Environmental Challenges? Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 6:319–343. DOI:10.1558/jsrnc.v6i3.319.

Webb, L. J. 1969. The Use of Plant Medicines and Poisons by Australian Aborigines. Mankind 7:137–146. DOI:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1969.tb00398.x.

Eucalyptus and tea
Published
2017-04-10
How to Cite
Garrett Kluthe, B. M., & Chen, D. K. (2017). Eucalyptus sp. at the Intersection of Environment and Culture in Kenya. Ethnobiology Letters, 8(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.14237/ebl.8.1.2017.706
Section
Research Communications